Abstract: A plethora of converging frontier technologies are reducing the costs of space access and utilization, enabling major growth going forward in commercial space, both in orbits up to Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) and in “Deep Space” beyond GEO. This paper reviews these frontier technologies and enabling technological approaches, the landscape of enabled emerging commercial applications, their issues, and in some cases their competition and outlook, along with the attendant “hard problems”. M…