{"id":773090,"date":"2023-11-14T11:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-11-14T15:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/spaceweekly.com\/?p=773090"},"modified":"2023-11-14T11:00:00","modified_gmt":"2023-11-14T15:00:00","slug":"how-nasas-roman-space-telescope-will-chronicle-the-active-cosmos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/spaceweekly.com\/?p=773090","title":{"rendered":"How NASA\u2019s Roman Space Telescope Will Chronicle the Active Cosmos"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"A<\/figure>
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This animation shows a possible layout of NASA\u2019s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope\u2019s High Latitude Time-Domain Survey tiling pattern. The observing program will be designed by a community process, but it is expected to cover five square degrees \u2013 a region of the sky as large as 25 full moons \u2013 and pierce far into space, back to when the universe was about 500 million years old, less than 4 percent of its current age of 13.8 billion years.<\/div>\n
Credit: NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

NASA\u2019s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will pair space-based observations with a broad field of view to unveil the dynamic cosmos in ways that have never been possible before.<\/p>\n

\u201cRoman will work in tandem with NASA observatories such as the James Webb Space Telescope and Chandra X-ray Observatory, which are designed to zoom in on rare transient objects once they\u2019ve been identified, but seldom if ever discover them,\u201d said Julie McEnery, Roman\u2019s senior project scientist at NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. \u201cRoman\u2019s much larger field of view will reveal many such objects that were previously unknown. And since we\u2019ve never had an observatory like this scanning the cosmos before, we could even find entirely new classes of objects and events.\u201d<\/p>\n

The mission\u2019s High Latitude Time-Domain Survey is well-designed to discover a particular type of exploding star that astronomers can use to trace the evolution of the universe and probe possible explanations for its accelerated expansion. And since this survey will repeatedly observe the same large vista of space, scientists will also see sporadic events like stellar corpses colliding and stars being swept into black holes.<\/p>\n

The survey will look beyond our galaxy to observe the same patch of sky approximately every five days for two years. Stitching these observations together like stop-motion animation will create movies that will reveal a wealth of transient events.<\/p>\n

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NASA\u2019s upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will see thousands of exploding stars called supernovae across vast stretches of time and space. One kind, called type Ia, serves as \u201cstandard candles\u201d because they peak at about the same intrinsic brightness. Scientists can use them to measure distances and trace cosmic expansion over time, providing a window onto the universe\u2019s distant past. Credit: NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center\/CI Lab<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Retreating Stellar Sparks<\/strong><\/p>\n

Astronomers will hunt through all this data for a special kind of exploding star called type Ia supernovae<\/a>. These phenomena originate from certain binary star systems that contain at least one white dwarf \u2013 the small, hot core remnant of a Sun-like star. In some cases, the dwarf may siphon material from its companion. This triggers a runaway nuclear reaction that ultimately detonates the thief. Astronomers have also found evidence supporting another scenario, involving two white dwarfs that spiral toward each other until they merge. If their combined mass is high enough, they, too, may produce a type Ia supernova.<\/p>\n

Since these explosions each peak at a similar, known intrinsic brightness, astronomers can use them to determine how far away they are by simply measuring how bright they appear. Astronomers will use Roman to study the spectrum of light from these supernovae to find out how rapidly they appear to be moving away from us due to the expansion of space.<\/p>\n

By comparing how fast type Ia supernovae at different distances are receding, scientists will trace cosmic expansion over time. This will help us understand whether and how dark energy<\/a> \u2013 the unexplained pressure thought to be speeding up the universe\u2019s expansion \u2013 has changed throughout time. Using these and other Roman measurements should also help clear up mismatched measurements<\/a> of the Hubble constant<\/a>, which is the universe\u2019s current expansion rate.<\/p>\n

\u201cRoman will paint a more vivid picture of our universe\u2019s past and present, giving us new clues about its possible fate,\u201d said Rebekah Hounsell, a research scientist at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County and Goddard, who is exploring ways to optimize Roman\u2019s High Latitude Time-Domain Survey. \u201cIts findings could reshape our understanding of the cosmos.\u201d<\/p>\n

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This time-lapse of supernova 2018gv in galaxy NGC 2525 compresses nearly one-year of observations from NASA\u2019s Hubble Space Telescope into a few seconds. The supernova initially outshines the brightest stars in the galaxy before fading into obscurity. NASA\u2019s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, currently under construction, could capture such events from start to finish and alert other telescopes, such as the Hubble and James Webb space telescopes, for even more detailed observations. Credit: NASA, ESA, and A. Riess (STScI\/JHU) and the SH0ES team; acknowledgment: M. Zamani (ESA\/Hubble)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Fleeting Cosmic Wonders<\/strong><\/p>\n

Because of the way this survey will observe the cosmos, it will also spot other rare phenomena. Through Roman, we will witness the birth of new black holes that form when neutron stars \u2013 the cores of exploded stars that weren\u2019t quite massive enough to collapse to form black holes on their own \u2013 merge. These titanic events create ripples in the fabric of space-time and brilliant kilonova explosions<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The mission is also expected to reveal several dozen tidal disruption events<\/a>, which happen when a star venturing too close to a black hole is shredded by the black hole\u2019s extreme gravity. The stellar shrapnel generates a huge amount of light as it speeds toward the black hole. Roman will pick up these flares of energy to learn how black holes affect their surroundings.<\/p>\n

The survey will also allow astronomers to explore variable objects, like active galaxies whose cores each host an extremely bright quasar. A quasar is a brilliant beacon of intense light powered by a supermassive black hole. The black hole voraciously feeds on infalling matter that unleashes a torrent of radiation. Roman\u2019s steady gaze will help astronomers study how and why these outbursts fluctuate in brightness.<\/p>\n

And by finding hundreds of faint, faraway quasars, Roman will also allow scientists to probe the period of reionization. During this cosmic epoch, scientists think intense ultraviolet light from quasars stripped electrons from atoms and turned them into ions. This transition ushered in \u201ccosmic dawn,\u201d as the universe went from being mostly opaque to transparent, allowing visible and ultraviolet light to travel freely.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis Roman survey will provide a treasure trove of data for astronomers to comb through, enabling more open-ended cosmic exploration than is typically possible,\u201d McEnery said. \u201cWe may serendipitously discover entirely new things we don\u2019t yet know to look for.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope is managed at NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, with participation by NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Caltech\/IPAC in Southern California, the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, and a science team comprising scientists from various research institutions. The primary industrial partners are Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corporation in Boulder, Colorado; L3Harris Technologies in Melbourne, Florida; and Teledyne Scientific & Imaging in Thousand Oaks, California.<\/p>\n

Download high-resolution video and images from NASA\u2019s Scientific Visualization Studio<\/a><\/p>\n

By Ashley Balzer<\/em><\/strong>
NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center<\/em><\/strong><\/a>, Greenbelt, Md.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Media contact:<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

Claire Andreoli<\/em><\/strong>
NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center<\/em><\/strong><\/a>, Greenbelt, Md.<\/em><\/strong>
301-286-1940<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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