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For all the wonders robotic space missions have to offer, they are limited by mass, power, and size requirements. We can\u2019t carry all our large, precise laboratory equipment to space. That limits us when we want to precisely know a rock\u2019s age, the conditions in which it formed, and whether it carries signatures of past life, said Jeffrey Johnson, a planetary geologist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.<\/p>\n
\u201cMany Martian science objectives can only be achieved by analyzing returned samples in laboratories on Earth,\u201d he said. \u201cThe sophisticated instruments at such facilities can detect subtle chemical, mineralogical, and morphological signatures with greater precision and accuracy than is possible with miniaturized robotic instruments on the Martian surface.\u201d<\/p>\n
Whereas a single spacecraft instrument tends to be designed for one particular function, the samples we return from Mars can be subjected to the full range of current and future scientific tools available on Earth.<\/p>\n
\u201cIt\u2019s not that we can\u2019t miniaturize and flight-harden one instrument, it\u2019s that we can\u2019t do it for all the instruments and analyses that we\u2019d be able to perform on these rocks once they\u2019re returned to Earth,\u201d said Amy Williams, an assistant professor in geological sciences at the University of Florida.<\/p>\n
Many important analytical tests performed on rock and soil samples require careful preparation using fluids or slicing at ultrafine, nanometer scales. That just can\u2019t happen on Mars. Nor can we bring to Mars the full range of equipment found in a single geosciences department, let alone the scope of advanced laboratories around the Earth. With returned samples, multiple labs will work together to validate, verify, and confirm key findings \u2014 multiple lines of evidence for, and confidence in, important scientific discoveries. This level of certainty and reproducibility is critical for bombshell results such as a possible sign of past life.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n