\n<\/p>\n
Last fall, a NASA spacecraft named OSIRIS-REx dropped a capsule containing more than 120 grams of space dust into the Utah desert. That material came from Bennu, an asteroid that, a billion years ago, broke off from a bigger world that may have hosted liquid water. Studying this material will clarify the role that asteroids might have played in bringing life\u2019s ingredients to Earth.<\/p>\n
For Dante Lauretta, a planetary scientist at the University of Arizona and the mission leader, retrieving the sample spelled the end of an era. Since the mission began in 2016, Dr. Lauretta has been immersed in all things OSIRIS-REx. Frames on the wall of his office showcase covers of the journals Nature and Science that featured the journey to Bennu and back. Next to them is an oversize cover of his new book, \u201cThe Asteroid Hunter: A Scientist\u2019s Journey to the Dawn of Our Solar System.\u201d Part mission report, part memoir, the book tells the story of how two ancient carbon atoms \u2014 one on Bennu, one entangled in the genetic code of Dr. Lauretta \u2014 find each other again.<\/p>\n
After dropping off the sample, the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft continued its voyage through the solar system, and Dr. Lauretta handed off the keys. He recently spoke to The New York Times about life after OSIRIS-REx and how the mission\u2019s impact carries on. The following conversation has been edited for brevity and clarity.<\/p>\n
What have you been up to since OSIRIS-REx\u2019s final act?<\/strong><\/p>\n The weeks after Earth return were all Houston, all day long. The disassembly of the asteroid sample collector was going slower than we expected, but it was fun and historic. I got to go in the clean room and be there for those moments when we first laid eyes on the sample. By early November, I had some of the sample in my lab in Arizona.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n Students in my astrobiology class got lectures live from Johnson Space Center in Houston. I took them around with my phone, and the sample processors came over and danced around in their bunny suits. It was amazing.<\/p>\n Why was disassembly taking so long?<\/strong><\/p>\n There were a couple of screws that were stuck, and we didn\u2019t have tools that would keep the sample pristine. Hard tools have carbon steel in them, and we didn\u2019t want those tools in the clean room because of contamination \u2014 carbon is of interest for astrobiology and origins of life and all the fun science that we\u2019re doing. So the tools we use are soft. And you could see the screwdriver\u2019s head starting to distort while trying to remove the fasteners.<\/p>\n Eventually, we just decided to go through a flap on the head of the sample collector, and pulled out around 70 grams of stuff. That was already more than we promised NASA we\u2019d bring back. Then we took some time to build a screwdriver we could use, and finally cracked the thing open in January.<\/p>\n Any surprises with the sample so far?<\/strong><\/p>\n In 2020, we wrote a paper about big white veins \u2014 like a meter long, 10 centimeters thick \u2014 on the rocks and boulders of Bennu. We thought those were carbonates that formed in water, which is exciting. Carbon-bearing minerals are found in biological systems.<\/p>\n When we got the rocks back, some of them had this white, crusty material all over them. I was so excited because I thought we had gotten the carbonates. But when I got some grains in the lab, it was phosphate, a compound that contains the element phosphorus. And it was rich in sodium.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n We had a student look at one grain under an electron microscope, and it was cracked and desiccated. It looked like a mud flat after the water evaporates, when it gets all fractured and shrinks up.<\/p>\n So did we get it wrong at the asteroid? I don\u2019t know. Were those veins actually phosphates? We\u2019re still chasing that down.<\/p>\n What would it mean for those veins to be made of phosphorus rather than carbon?<\/strong><\/p>\n Phosphorus has a special place in my heart, because of the astrobiology work I did as a graduate student. It\u2019s one of the \u201cbig six\u201d elements of life, along with hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. As the least abundant, phosphorus provides important clues into how the element got involved in biology.<\/p>\n I read a paper about sodium-rich phosphates coming out of the plumes of Enceladus, one of Saturn\u2019s moons. And then a study came out about soda lakes in Canada, which are the most phosphate-rich lakes on Earth that we know. And it had exactly the same chemistry.<\/p>\n I don\u2019t know if Bennu is an exact analog, but this kind of fluid chemistry is important. This could be evidence of liquid water evaporating away with high concentrations of phosphorus, a key ingredient for the origin of life. And other groups are finding similar chemistry in biologically important environments, one around Saturn and one on Earth. This is a dream come true.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n How did your book come about?<\/strong><\/p>\n I came up with the idea of writing a more personal version of OSIRIS-REx in 2018, before the mission had even gotten to Bennu. We collected the sample in 2020 and had two and a half years to cruise before it landed on Earth, so I spent those years writing.<\/p>\n The book ends with the sample return in Utah, so the two epilogues weren\u2019t written until the week after. On the flight from Utah to Houston, I put some earbuds in and just narrated everything that had happened over the past 24 hours. And then I wrote the finale of the two carbon atoms, the universal thread that underlies the story, later in my hotel room.<\/p>\n Your book is about OSIRIS-REx, but it\u2019s also about you. How did your childhood prepare you to explore the solar system?<\/strong><\/p>\n I grew up in Arizona, and by the time I was 12, it was just my mom raising three of us. I was much older than my two brothers. We didn\u2019t have a TV. There was nothing but the desert for entertainment. So I spent a lot of time exploring it, finding all kinds of amazing little secrets.<\/p>\n I\u2019d come across Native American structures and petroglyph walls, and really felt a connection in time to those who had come before me. And I started thinking about, well, who came before them? And how far back can you take that question? I remember the first time I found a trilobite \u2014 that was amazing. I wondered why it wasn\u2019t around anymore. What happened to it? Could that happen to us?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n This is when I started to appreciate geology. There are stories in the rocks. Since then, I\u2019ve always been an explorer. When I got older, I\u2019d go backpacking, camping, on hikes and so on. I just loved going somewhere, and I wanted to go where no one had gone before.<\/p>\n When I did an expedition in Antarctica, I felt like that was it, I\u2019d never get more remote than that. Then OSIRIS-REx came along, and that was just another level \u2014 the final frontier.<\/p>\n What\u2019s next for you?<\/strong><\/p>\n I\u2019m the first director of the new Arizona Astrobiology Center. And it is banging! It\u2019s truly a community center, because people are coming to us. Undergraduate students are flocking. Teachers and administrators from K-12 schools want to know how they can get engaged.<\/p>\n I love getting to hang out with students, which I gave up doing a lot of during OSIRIS-REx. It\u2019s very accessible for them to get involved. We can train students and have them on an electron microscope, looking at material from Bennu, in days. Being in this new environment with the student and community focus is wonderful.<\/p>\n I think this is the culmination of what people can do when we unite with a common vision. OSIRIS-REx is so much bigger than me. People tell me how inspiring what we did was, and how proud they are of me, this team and this nation. I feel like I\u2019ve been part of something unbelievable, amazing and powerful.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n