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A new, higher-resolution infrared camera outfitted with a variety of lightweight filters could probe sunlight reflected off Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere and surface, improve forest fire warnings, and reveal the molecular composition of other planets.<\/p>\n
The cameras use sensitive, high-resolution strained-layer superlattice sensors, initially developed at NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, using IRAD, Internal Research and Development funding. <\/p>\n
Their compact construction, low mass, and adaptability enable engineers like Tilak Hewagama to adapt them to the needs of a variety of sciences.<\/p>\n
\u201cAttaching filters directly to the detector eliminates the substantial mass of traditional lens and filter systems,\u201d Hewagama said. \u201cThis allows a low-mass instrument with a compact focal plane which can now be chilled for infrared detection using smaller, more efficient coolers. Smaller satellites and missions can benefit from their resolution and accuracy.\u201d<\/p>\n
Engineer Murzy Jhabvala led the initial sensor development at NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, as well as leading today\u2019s filter integration efforts.<\/p>\n
Jhabvala also led the Compact Thermal Imager experiment on the International Space Station that demonstrated how the new sensor technology could survive in space while proving a major success for Earth science. More than 15 million images captured in two infrared bands earned inventors, Jhabvala, and NASA Goddard colleagues Don Jennings and Compton Tucker an agency Invention of the Year award for 2021.<\/p>\n
Data from the test provided detailed information about wildfires, better understanding of the vertical structure of Earth\u2019s clouds and atmosphere, and captured an updraft caused by wind lifting off Earth\u2019s land features called a gravity wave.<\/p>\n
The groundbreaking infrared sensors use layers of repeating molecular structures to interact with individual photons, or units of light. The sensors resolve more wavelengths of infrared at a higher resolution: 260 feet (80 meters) per pixel from orbit compared to 1,000 to 3,000 feet (375 to 1,000 meters) possible with current thermal cameras.<\/p>\n
The success of these heat-measuring cameras has drawn investments from NASA\u2019s Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO), Small Business Innovation and Research, and other programs to further customize their reach and applications.<\/p>\n
Jhabvala and NASA\u2019s Advanced Land Imaging Thermal IR Sensor (ALTIRS) team are developing a six-band version for this year\u2019s LiDAR, Hyperspectral, & Thermal Imager (G-LiHT) airborne project. This first-of-its-kind camera will measure surface heat and enable pollution monitoring and fire observations at high frame rates, he said.<\/p>\n
NASA Goddard Earth scientist Doug Morton leads an ESTO project developing a Compact Fire Imager for wildfire detection and prediction.<\/p>\n
\u201cWe\u2019re not going to see fewer fires, so we\u2019re trying to understand how fires release energy over their life cycle,\u201d Morton said. \u201cThis will help us better understand the new nature of fires in an increasingly flammable world.\u201d<\/p>\n
CFI will monitor both the hottest fires which release more greenhouse gases and cooler, smoldering coals and ashes which produce more carbon monoxide and airborne particles like smoke and ash.<\/p>\n
\u201cThose are key ingredients when it comes to safety and understanding the greenhouse gases released by burning,\u201d Morton said.<\/p>\n
After they test the fire imager on airborne campaigns, Morton\u2019s team envisions outfitting a fleet of 10 small satellites to provide global information about fires with more images per day.<\/p>\n
Combined with next generation computer models, he said, \u201cthis information can help the forest service and other firefighting agencies prevent fires, improve safety for firefighters on the front lines, and protect the life and property of those living in the path of fires.\u201d<\/p>\n
Probing Clouds on Earth and Beyond<\/strong><\/p>\n Outfitted with polarization filters, the sensor could measure how ice particles in Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere clouds scatter and polarize light, NASA Goddard Earth scientist Dong Wu said.<\/p>\n This applications would complement NASA\u2019s PACE \u2014 Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem \u2014 mission, Wu said, which revealed its first light images earlier this month. Both measure the polarization of light wave\u2019s orientation in relation to the direction of travel from different parts of the infrared spectrum.<\/p>\n \u201cThe PACE polarimeters monitor visible and shortwave-infrared light,\u201d he explained. \u201cThe mission will focus on aerosol and ocean color sciences from daytime observations. At mid- and long-infrared wavelengths, the new Infrared polarimeter would capture cloud and surface properties from both day and night observations.\u201d<\/p>\n In another effort, Hewagama is working Jhabvala and Jennings to incorporate linear variable filters which provide even greater detail within the infrared spectrum. The filters reveal atmospheric molecules\u2019 rotation and vibration as well as Earth\u2019s surface composition.<\/p>\n That technology could also benefit missions to rocky planets, comets, and asteroids, planetary scientist Carrie Anderson said. She said they could identify ice and volatile compounds emitted in enormous plumes from Saturn\u2019s moon Enceladus. <\/p>\n \u201cThey are essentially geysers of ice,\u201d she said, \u201cwhich of course are cold, but emit light within the new infrared sensor\u2019s detection limits. Looking at the plumes against the backdrop of the Sun would allow us to identify their composition and vertical distribution very clearly.\u201d<\/p>\n