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An analysis of data from Magellan\u2019s radar finds two volcanoes erupted in the early 1990s. This adds to the 2023 discovery of a different active volcano in Magellan data.<\/em><\/p>\n Direct geological evidence of recent volcanic activity on Venus has been observed for a second time. Scientists in Italy analyzed archival data from NASA\u2019s Magellan mission to reveal surface changes indicating the formation of new rock from lava flows linked to volcanoes that erupted while the spacecraft orbited the planet. Managed by NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, Magellan mapped 98% of the planet\u2019s surface from 1990 to 1992, and the images it generated remain the most detailed of Venus to date.<\/p>\n \u201cUsing these maps as a guide, our results show that Venus may be far more volcanically active than previously thought,\u201d said Davide Sulcanese of d\u2019Annunzio University in Pescara, Italy, who led the study. \u201cBy analyzing the lava flows we observed in two locations on the planet, we have discovered that the volcanic activity on Venus could be comparable to that on Earth.\u201d<\/p>\n This latest discovery builds on the historic 2023 discovery of images from Magellan\u2019s synthetic aperture radar that revealed changes to a vent associated with the volcano Maat Mons near Venus\u2019 equator. The radar images proved to be the first direct evidence of a recent volcanic eruption on the planet. By comparing Magellan radar images over time, the authors of the 2023 study spotted changes caused by the outflow of molten rock from Venus\u2019 subsurface filling the vent\u2019s crater and spilling down the vent\u2019s slopes.<\/p>\n Scientists study active volcanoes to understand how a planet\u2019s interior can shape its crust, drive its evolution, and affect its habitability. The discovery of recent volcanism on Venus provides a valuable insight to the planet\u2019s history and why it took a different evolutionary path than Earth.<\/p>\n For the new study, published in the journal Nature Astronomy, the researchers likewise focused on archival data from Magellan\u2019s synthetic aperture radar. Radio waves sent by the radar traveled through Venus\u2019 thick cloud cover, then bounced off the planet\u2019s surface and back to the spacecraft. Called backscatter, these reflected radar signals carried information about the rocky surface material they encountered.<\/p>\n The two locations studied were the volcano Sif Mons in Eistla Regio and the western part of Niobe Planitia, which is home to numerous volcanic features. By analyzing the backscatter data received from both locations in 1990 and again in 1992, the researchers found that radar signal strength increased along certain paths during the later orbits. These changes suggested the formation of new rock, most likely solidified lava from volcanic activity that occurred during that two-year period. But they also considered other possibilities, such as the presence of micro-dunes (formed from windblown sand) and atmospheric effects that could interfere with the radar signal.<\/p>\n To help confirm new rock, the researchers analyzed Magellan\u2019s altimetry (surface height) data to determine slope of the topography and locate obstacles that lava would flow around.<\/p>\n \u201cWe interpret these signals as flows along slopes or volcanic plains that can deviate around obstacles such as shield volcanoes like a fluid,\u201d said study co-author Marco Mastrogiuseppe of Sapienza University of Rome. \u201cAfter ruling out other possibilities, we confirmed our best interpretation is that these are new lava flows.\u201d<\/p>\n Using flows on Earth as a comparison, the researchers estimate new rock that was emplaced in both locations to be between 10 and 66 feet (3 and 20 meters) deep, on average. They also estimate that the Sif Mons eruption produced about 12 square miles (30 square kilometers) of rock \u2014 enough to fill at least 36,000 Olympic-size swimming pools. The Niobe Planitia eruption produced about 17 square miles (45 square kilometers) of rock, which would fill 54,000 Olympic swimming pools. As a comparison, the 2022 eruption of Mauna Loa in Hawaii, Earth\u2019s largest active volcano, produced a lava flow with enough material to fill 100,000 Olympic pools.<\/p>\n \u201cThis exciting work provides another example of volcanic change on Venus from new lava flows that augments the vent change Dr. Robert Herrick and I reported last year,\u201d said Scott Hensley, senior research scientist at JPL and co-author of the 2023 study. \u201cThis result, in tandem with the earlier discovery of present-day geologic activity, increases the excitement in the planetary science community for future missions to Venus.\u201d<\/p>\n Hensley is the project scientist for NASA\u2019s upcoming VERITAS mission, and Mastrogiuseppe is a member of its science team. Short for Venus Emissivity, Radio science, InSAR, Topography, And Spectroscopy, VERITAS is slated to launch early next decade, using a state-of-the-art synthetic aperture radar to create 3D global maps and a near-infrared spectrometer to figure out what Venus\u2019 surface is made of while also tracking volcanic activity. In addition, the spacecraft will measure the planet\u2019s gravitational field to determine its internal structure.<\/p>\n \u201cThese new discoveries of recent volcanic activity on Venus by our international colleagues provide compelling evidence of the kinds of regions we should target with VERITAS when it arrives at Venus,\u201d said Suzanne Smrekar, a senior scientist at JPL and principal investigator for VERITAS. \u201cOur spacecraft will have a suite of approaches for identifying surface changes that are far more comprehensive and higher resolution than Magellan images. Evidence for activity, even in the lower-resolution Magellan data, supercharges the potential to revolutionize our understanding of this enigmatic world.\u201d<\/p>\n NASA\u2019s VERITAS mission was selected in 2021 under NASA\u2019s Discovery Program. Mission partners include Lockheed Martin Space, the Italian Space Agency, the German Aerospace Center, and Centre National d\u2019\u00c9tudes Spatiales in France. The Discovery Program is managed by the Planetary Missions Program Office at NASA\u2019s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, for the Planetary Science Division of NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate in Washington.<\/p>\n Ian J. O\u2019Neill Karen Fox \/ Charles Blue Giuseppina Piccirilli 2024-073\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
818-354-2649
ian.j.oneill@jpl.nasa.gov<\/p>\n
NASA Headquarters
202-358-1600 \/ 202-802-5345
karen.c.fox@nasa.gov \/ charles.e.blue@nasa.gov<\/p>\n
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
+39 06 85 67 431 \/ 887 \/ 655
stampa@asi.it<\/p>\n