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Artificial intelligence is helping scientists to identify minerals within rocks studied by the Perseverance rover.<\/em><\/p>\n Some scientists dream of exploring planets with \u201csmart\u201d spacecraft that know exactly what data to look for, where to find it, and how to analyze it. Although making that dream a reality will take time, advances made with NASA\u2019s Perseverance Mars rover offer promising steps in that direction.<\/p>\n For almost three years, the rover mission has been testing a form of artificial intelligence that seeks out minerals in the Red Planet\u2019s rocks. This marks the first time AI has been used on Mars to make autonomous decisions based on real-time analysis of rock composition.<\/p>\n The software supports PIXL (Planetary Instrument for X-ray Lithochemistry), a spectrometer developed by NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. By mapping the chemical composition of minerals across a rock\u2019s surface, PIXL allows scientists to determine whether the rock formed in conditions that could have been supportive of microbial life in Mars\u2019 ancient past.<\/p>\n Called \u201cadaptive sampling,\u201d the software autonomously positions the instrument close to a rock target, then looks at PIXL\u2019s scans of the target to find minerals worth examining more deeply. It\u2019s all done in real time, without the rover talking to mission controllers back on Earth.<\/p>\n \u201cWe use PIXL\u2019s AI to home in on key science,\u201d said the instrument\u2019s principal investigator, Abigail Allwood of JPL. \u201cWithout it, you\u2019d see a hint of something interesting in the data and then need to rescan the rock to study it more. This lets PIXL reach a conclusion without humans examining the data.\u201d<\/p>\n Data from Perseverance\u2019s instruments, including PIXL, helps scientists determine when to drill a core of rock and seal it in a titanium metal tube so that it, along with other high-priority samples, could be brought to Earth for further study as part of NASA\u2019s Mars Sample Return campaign.<\/p>\n Adaptive sampling is not the only application of AI on Mars. About 2,300 miles (3,700 kilometers) from Perseverance is NASA\u2019s Curiosity, which pioneered a form of AI that allows the rover to autonomously zap rocks with a laser based on their shape and color. Studying the gas that burns off after each laser zap reveals a rock\u2019s chemical composition. Perseverance features this same ability, as well as a more advanced form of AI that enables it to navigate without specific direction from Earth. Both rovers still rely on dozens of engineers and scientists to plan each day\u2019s set of hundreds of individual commands, but these digital smarts help both missions get more done in less time.<\/p>\n \u201cThe idea behind PIXL\u2019s adaptive sampling is to help scientists find the needle within a haystack of data, freeing up time and energy for them to focus on other things,\u201d said Peter Lawson, who led the implementation of adaptive sampling before retiring from JPL. \u201cUltimately, it helps us gather the best science more quickly.\u201d<\/p>\n AI assists PIXL in two ways. First, it positions the instrument just right once the instrument is in the vicinity of a rock target. Located at the end of Perseverance\u2019s robotic arm, the spectrometer sits on six tiny robotic legs, called a hexapod. PIXL\u2019s camera repeatedly checks the distance between the instrument and a rock target to aid with positioning.<\/p>\n Temperature swings on Mars are large enough that Perseverance\u2019s arm will expand or contract a microscopic amount, which can throw off PIXL\u2019s aim. The hexapod automatically adjusts the instrument to get it exceptionally close without coming into contact with the rock.<\/p>\n \u201cWe have to make adjustments on the scale of micrometers to get the accuracy we need,\u201d Allwood said. \u201cIt gets close enough to the rock to raise the hairs on the back of an engineer\u2019s neck.\u201d<\/p>\n Once PIXL is in position, another AI system gets the chance to shine. PIXL scans a postage-stamp-size area of a rock, firing an X-ray beam thousands of times to create a grid of microscopic dots. Each dot reveals information about the chemical composition of the minerals present.<\/p>\n Minerals are crucial to answering key questions about Mars. Depending on the rock, scientists might be on the hunt for carbonates, which hide clues to how water may have formed the rock, or they may be looking for phosphates, which could have provided nutrients for microbes, if any were present in the Martian past.<\/p>\n There\u2019s no way for scientists to know ahead of time which of the hundreds of X-ray zaps will turn up a particular mineral, but when the instrument finds certain minerals, it can automatically stop to gather more data \u2014 an action called a \u201clong dwell.\u201d As the system improves through machine learning, the list of minerals on which PIXL can focus with a long dwell is growing.<\/p>\n \u201cPIXL is kind of a Swiss army knife in that it can be configured depending on what the scientists are looking for at a given time,\u201d said JPL\u2019s David Thompson, who helped develop the software. \u201cMars is a great place to test out AI since we have regular communications each day, giving us a chance to make tweaks along the way.\u201d<\/p>\n When future missions travel deeper into the solar system, they\u2019ll be out of contact longer than missions currently are on Mars. That\u2019s why there is strong interest in developing more autonomy for missions as they rove and conduct science for the benefit of humanity.<\/p>\n A key objective for Perseverance\u2019s mission on Mars is astrobiology, including the search for signs of ancient microbial life. The rover will characterize the planet\u2019s geology and past climate, pave the way for human exploration of the Red Planet, and be the first mission to collect and cache Martian rock and regolith (broken rock and dust).<\/p>\n Subsequent NASA missions, in cooperation with ESA (European Space Agency), would send spacecraft to Mars to collect these sealed samples from the surface and return them to Earth for in-depth analysis.<\/p>\n The Mars 2020 Perseverance mission is part of NASA\u2019s Moon to Mars exploration approach, which includes Artemis missions to the Moon that will help prepare for human exploration of the Red Planet.<\/p>\n JPL, which is managed for NASA by Caltech in Pasadena, California, built and manages operations of the Perseverance rover.<\/p>\n For more about Perseverance:<\/p>\n mars.nasa.gov\/mars2020\/<\/p>\n News Media Contacts<\/strong><\/p>\n Andrew Good Karen Fox \/ Alana Johnson 2024-099<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
818-393-2433
andrew.c.good@jpl.nasa.gov<\/p>\n
NASA Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1600 \/ 202-358-1501
karen.c.fox@nasa.gov \/ alana.r.johnson@nasa.gov<\/p>\n