\n<\/p>\n
Mars was once wet, but now its surface is desiccated. Its meagre atmosphere contains only a tiny trace amount of water vapour. But new research says the planet contains ample liquid water. Unfortunately, it\u2019s kilometres under the surface, well out of reach. <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n The question of what happened to Mars\u2019 water is an enduring one. There\u2019s ample evidence showing that water flowed across the planet\u2019s surface, carving out river channels, creating sediment deltas, and filling lakes. It may even have had ocenas. The planet was likely warm and wet until around 3.8 billion years ago, during the transition from the Noachian Period to the Hesperian Period. Over time it lost both its thick atmosphere and its water.<\/p>\n The most widely accepted explanation for the water\u2019s disappearance is that the planet\u2019s magnetic shield weakened and that the solar wind blew most of the water away into space. <\/p>\n New research published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) presents a new wrinkle in the Mars water mystery. Its title is \u201cLiquid water in the Martian mid-crust,\u201d and the first author is Vashan Wright, an assistant professor at UC San Diego\u2019s Scripps Institution of Oceanography. <\/p>\n \u201cUnderstanding the Martian water cycle is critical for understanding the evolution of the climate, surface and interior,\u201d Wright said in a press release. \u201cA useful starting point is to identify where water is and how much is there.\u201d<\/p>\n Wright and his colleagues worked with data from NASA\u2019s InSight lander, which was sent to Mars to study the planet\u2019s deep interior. InSight aimed to understand not only Mars but also the processes that shape all rocky planets. The mission ended in December 2022 when the lander became unresponsive, but scientists are still working with its data. <\/p>\n During its mission, InSight gathered seismic data with SEIS, the Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure. SEIS was sensitive to Marsquakes and meteorite impacts, and the seismic data is helping scientists understand Mars\u2019 interior, including its core, mantle, and crust. <\/p>\n \u201cLarge volumes of liquid water transiently existed on the surface of Mars more than 3 billion years ago,\u201d the authors write in their published research. \u201cMuch of this water is hypothesized to have been sequestered in the subsurface or lost to space.\u201d<\/p>\n Seismic waves sensed by SEIS can help determine if some of Mars\u2019 water is in the planet\u2019s subsurface. When seismic waves travel through a planet, they reveal information about the inner structure and composition. There are different types of waves, and some can\u2019t travel through liquids. That\u2019s how scientists learned that Earth has a liquid core. <\/p>\n Wave velocities and directions also reveal a lot. Velocity and direction change when the waves reach boundaries like the one between a planet\u2019s crust and its mantle. Waves also provide information about the density and elasticity of materials they pass through. Changes in wave speed also reveal information about temperature differences. <\/p>\n But conclusions don\u2019t jump out of data and announce themselves. Researchers have to work their way through the data and try to interpret it. The Mars science community is doing just that, and this research is the latest part of the effort.<\/p>\n Previous researchers have tried to constrain the conditions under the InSight Lander in Elysium Planitia. Scientists use the term upper crust to describe the depth down to about 8km and the term lower crust to describe the depth between 8 km and about 20 km. Some research from orbiters showed that the upper crust is like a cryosphere that contains abundant frozen water. Orbital images of recent meteorite impacts appear to show exposed ice.<\/p>\n But this new research goes against that. The authors write that seismic waves \u201cin the upper 8 km beneath InSight is lower than expected for an ice-saturated cryosphere.\u201d <\/p>\n Previous research also showed that the lower crust contains either highly porous mafic rock or less porous felsic rock. However, it was difficult to determine how much water was contained in the pores.<\/p>\n That\u2019s where this research comes in. <\/p>\n \u201cWe assess whether Vs<\/sub><\/em>, Vp<\/sub><\/em>, and bulk density ?b<\/sub><\/em> data are consistent with liquid water-saturated pores in the mid-crust (11.5 \u00b1 3.1 to 20 \u00b1 5km) within 50 km of the InSight lander,\u201d the authors write. Vs<\/sub><\/em> means the velocity of secondary seismic waves, Vp<\/sub><\/em> means the velocity of primary seismic waves, and pb<\/sub><\/em> means bulk density. The bulk density means the mass of a volume unit of rock including any liquid trapped in its pores. <\/p>\n According to the authors, the mid-crust is one of our identifiable layers under the InSight lander. It may even be global, but there is not enough data to conclude that yet. <\/p>\n However, the researchers did reach another conclusion: \u201cA mid-crust composed of igneous rock with thin fractures filled with liquid water can best explain the geophysical data.\u201d<\/p>\n If the InSight Lander location is representative of the rest of Mars, the approximately 11.5 km to 20 km deep mid-crust could hold an enormous amount of water. There could be enough to cover the entire planet in a layer of water 1 to 2 km deep. Of course, this is just a thought exercise since Mars\u2019 wouldn\u2019t be able to hold onto the surface water. <\/p>\n If the planet does hold such a vast amount of water, it won\u2019t be of much use to human visitors trying to establish a presence there. Even on Earth, drilling only 1 km into the surface is difficult. It\u2019s challenging to conceive of a way to drill 11 km deep on Mars. <\/p>\n But where there\u2019s water, there could be life. <\/p>\n \u201cEstablishing that there is a big reservoir of liquid water provides some window into what the climate was like or could be like,\u201d said co-author Michael Manga, a UC Berkeley professor of earth and planetary science. \u201cAnd water is necessary for life as we know it. I don\u2019t see why [the underground reservoir] is not a habitable environment.\u201d<\/p>\n It may very well be habitable, but that doesn\u2019t mean it\u2019s inhabited. It is at least a possibility, though.<\/p>\n We\u2019ve found life at a depth of 5 km within Earth\u2019s crust<\/span>. Could the same thing be possible on Mars?<\/p>\n Just like the water, an answer to that question is well out of reach. For now. <\/p>\nLike this:<\/h3>\n