{"id":790995,"date":"2024-11-08T06:30:01","date_gmt":"2024-11-08T11:30:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/spaceweekly.com\/?p=790995"},"modified":"2024-11-08T06:30:01","modified_gmt":"2024-11-08T11:30:01","slug":"jupiter-doesnt-have-a-surface-how-is-that-possible","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/spaceweekly.com\/?p=790995","title":{"rendered":"Jupiter doesn\u2019t have a surface. How is that possible?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_341689\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-341689\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-341689\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA\u2019s Juno spacecraft captured this image of Jupiter in 2020. How is it possible that Jupiter doesn\u2019t have a surface? Image via NASA\/ JPL-Caltech\/ SwRI\/ MSSS\/ David Marriott.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jupiter is a giant gas planet<\/strong> and the largest planet in our solar system.<\/li>\n<li><strong>But Jupiter has no surface<\/strong>. It\u2019s made of gases that get increasingly dense as you head toward the center. Its interior is extremely inhospitable.<\/li>\n<li><strong>If Jupiter didn\u2019t exist<\/strong>, life on Earth probably wouldn\u2019t exist either. That\u2019s because Jupiter protects us from incoming asteroids and comets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>  <span>By Benjamin Roulston, Clarkson University<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Jupiter doesn\u2019t have a surface. But how?<\/h3>\n<p>The planet Jupiter has no solid ground or surface, like the grass or dirt you tread here on Earth. There\u2019s nothing to walk on, and no place to land a spaceship. But how can that be? If Jupiter doesn\u2019t have a surface, what does it have? How can it hold together?<\/p>\n<p>Even as a professor of physics who studies all kinds of unusual phenomena, I realize the concept of a world without a surface is difficult to fathom. Yet much about Jupiter remains a mystery, even as NASA\u2019s robotic probe Juno begins its 9th year orbiting this strange planet. <\/p>\n<figure>\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"What They Didn&#039;t Teach You in School About Jupiter | Our Solar System&#039;s Planets\" width=\"1110\" height=\"624\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/JRHwq1DIgbI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><figcaption><em>Jupiter\u2019s mass is 2 1\/2 times that of all the other planets in the solar system combined.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The 2025 EarthSky Lunar Calendar presale is here! The first 100 purchases are signed by the legendary Deborah Byrd as a thank you. Get yours today!<\/p>\n<h3>First, some facts<\/h3>\n<p>Jupiter, the fifth planet from the sun, is between Mars and Saturn. It\u2019s the largest planet in the solar system, big enough for more than 1,000 Earths to fit inside, with room to spare. <\/p>\n<p>While the four inner planets of the solar system \u2013 Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars \u2013 are all made of solid, rocky material, Jupiter is a gas giant with a composition similar to the sun. It\u2019s a roiling, stormy, wildly turbulent ball of gas. Some places on Jupiter have winds of more than 400 mph (640 km per hour), about three times faster than a Category 5 hurricane on Earth. <\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A photograph of the planet Jupiter swathed in blue, brown and gold bands.\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/604481\/original\/file-20240702-17-7ja9bt.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/604481\/original\/file-20240702-17-7ja9bt.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=338&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/604481\/original\/file-20240702-17-7ja9bt.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=338&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/604481\/original\/file-20240702-17-7ja9bt.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=338&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/604481\/original\/file-20240702-17-7ja9bt.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=424&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/604481\/original\/file-20240702-17-7ja9bt.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=424&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/604481\/original\/file-20240702-17-7ja9bt.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=424&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"\/><figcaption>NASA\u2019s Juno spacecraft took this image of the southern hemisphere of Jupiter in 2017. Image via NASA\/ JPL-Caltech\/ SwRI\/ MSSS\/ Gerald Eichstadt\/ Sean Doran.<br \/><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Searching for solid ground<\/h3>\n<p>Start from the top of Earth\u2019s atmosphere, go down about 60 miles (roughly 100 km), and the air pressure continuously increases. Ultimately you hit Earth\u2019s surface, either land or water.  <\/p>\n<p>Compare that with Jupiter: Start near the top of its mostly hydrogen and helium atmosphere, and like on Earth, the pressure increases the deeper you go. But on Jupiter, the pressure is immense. <\/p>\n<p>As the layers of gas above you push down more and more, it\u2019s like being at the bottom of the ocean. But instead of water, you\u2019re surrounded by gas. The pressure becomes so intense that the human body would implode: You would be squashed.<\/p>\n<p>Go down 1,000 miles (1,600 km), and the hot, dense gas begins to behave strangely. Eventually, the gas turns into a form of liquid hydrogen, creating what can be thought of as the largest ocean in the solar system, albeit an ocean without water. <\/p>\n<p>Go down another 20,000 miles (about 32,000 km), and the hydrogen becomes more like flowing liquid metal, a material so exotic that only recently, and with great difficulty, have scientists reproduced it in the laboratory. The atoms in this liquid metallic hydrogen are squeezed so tightly that its electrons are free to roam. <\/p>\n<p>Keep in mind that these layer transitions are gradual, not abrupt. The transition from normal hydrogen gas to liquid hydrogen and then to metallic hydrogen happens slowly and smoothly. At no point is there a sharp boundary, solid material or surface. <\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"An illustration that shows the interior layers of Jupiter, including its core.\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/614075\/original\/file-20240816-21-6rxua2.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/614075\/original\/file-20240816-21-6rxua2.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=474&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/614075\/original\/file-20240816-21-6rxua2.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=474&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/614075\/original\/file-20240816-21-6rxua2.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=474&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/614075\/original\/file-20240816-21-6rxua2.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=596&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/614075\/original\/file-20240816-21-6rxua2.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=596&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/614075\/original\/file-20240816-21-6rxua2.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=596&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"\/><figcaption>An illustration of Jupiter\u2019s interior layers. One bar is approximately equal to the air pressure at sea level on Earth. Image via NASA\/ JPL-Caltech.<br \/><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Scary to the core<\/h3>\n<p>Ultimately, you\u2019d reach the core of Jupiter. This is the central region of Jupiter\u2019s interior, and not to be confused with a surface. <\/p>\n<p>Scientists are still debating the exact nature of the core\u2019s material. The most favored model: It\u2019s not solid, like rock, but more like a hot, dense and possibly metallic mixture of liquid and solid.  <\/p>\n<p>The pressure at Jupiter\u2019s core is so immense it would be like 100 million Earth atmospheres pressing down on you. Or two Empire State buildings on top of each square inch of your body. <\/p>\n<p>But pressure wouldn\u2019t be your only problem. A spacecraft trying to reach Jupiter\u2019s core would be melted by the extreme heat: 35,000 degrees Fahrenheit (20,000 C). That\u2019s three times hotter than the surface of the sun. <\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"An image of Jupiter featuring brown, beige and orange belts along with the Great Red Spot.\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/604482\/original\/file-20240702-17-gyyrtf.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/604482\/original\/file-20240702-17-gyyrtf.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=469&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/604482\/original\/file-20240702-17-gyyrtf.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=469&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/604482\/original\/file-20240702-17-gyyrtf.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=469&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/604482\/original\/file-20240702-17-gyyrtf.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=590&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/604482\/original\/file-20240702-17-gyyrtf.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=590&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/604482\/original\/file-20240702-17-gyyrtf.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=590&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"\/><figcaption>Voyager 1 took this image taken of Jupiter. Note the Great Red Spot, a storm large enough to hold 3 Earths. Image via NASA\/ JPL.<br \/><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Jupiter helps Earth<\/h3>\n<p>Jupiter is a weird and forbidding place. But if Jupiter weren\u2019t around, it\u2019s possible human beings might not exist.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s because Jupiter acts as a shield for the inner planets of the solar system, including Earth. With its massive gravitational pull, Jupiter has altered the orbit of asteroids and comets for billions of years. <\/p>\n<p>Without Jupiter\u2019s intervention, some of that space debris could have crashed into Earth. If one had been a cataclysmic collision, it could have caused an extinction-level event. Just look at what happened to the dinosaurs.<\/p>\n<p>Maybe Jupiter gave an assist to our existence, but the planet itself is extraordinarily inhospitable to life. At least, life as we know it. <\/p>\n<p>The same is not the case with a Jupiter moon, Europa, perhaps our best chance to find life elsewhere in the solar system. <\/p>\n<p>NASA\u2019s Europa Clipper, a robotic probe that launched in October 2024, will do about 50 flybys over that moon to study its enormous underground ocean.<\/p>\n<p>Could something be living in Europa\u2019s water? Scientists won\u2019t know for a while. Because of Jupiter\u2019s distance from Earth, the probe won\u2019t arrive until April 2030.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/231901\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer-when-downgrade\"\/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p>  <span>Benjamin Roulston, Clarkson University<\/span><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.<\/p>\n<p>Bottom line: Jupiter doesn\u2019t have a surface. It\u2019s a gas giant planet with a hostile interior. But if Jupiter didn\u2019t exist, life would probably not exist on Earth.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cp-load-after-post\"\/><\/div>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/earthsky.org\/space\/jupiter-doesnt-have-a-surface-how\/?rand=772280\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>NASA\u2019s Juno spacecraft captured this image of Jupiter in 2020. How is it possible that Jupiter doesn\u2019t have a surface? Image via NASA\/ JPL-Caltech\/ SwRI\/ MSSS\/ David Marriott. Jupiter is&hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":790996,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-790995","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-earth-sky"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/spaceweekly.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/790995","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/spaceweekly.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/spaceweekly.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spaceweekly.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spaceweekly.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=790995"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/spaceweekly.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/790995\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spaceweekly.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/790996"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/spaceweekly.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=790995"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spaceweekly.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=790995"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spaceweekly.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=790995"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}