\n A volcanic eruption on Io photographed by the Galileo spacecraft<\/p>\n NASA\/JPL\/DLR<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n Five volcanoes on Jupiter\u2019s moon Io erupted all at once in a cataclysm of lava. This means that they are probably all connected to the same underground magma network, which will help solve the mystery of Io\u2019s insides.<\/p>\n At the end of 2024, researchers monitoring Io via NASA\u2019s Juno spacecraft saw an unusually enormous lava flow near its south pole. \u201cThere was this one gigantic eruption and lava flow, and that\u2019s what first caught our eye, but on second look, all these other hotspots lit up as well,\u201d says Jani Radebaugh at Brigham Young University in Utah. \u201cThere\u2019s so much magma that we can\u2019t quite wrap our minds around it.\u201d<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The erupted lava spanned an area of about 65,000 square kilometres and released more energy than any eruption previously spotted on Io. \u201cPicture standing at the edge of one of these features, and the valley that has been cold suddenly fills up with an entire lake of lava. As it fills up, you turn and look over your shoulder, and another massive crack opens up in the ground and fills with lava at exactly the same time,\u201d says Radebaugh. \u201cIt would be terrifying, and so beautiful.\u201d<\/p>\n The question, though, is where all that magma came from \u2013 we know very little about Io\u2019s interior structure, so it is a tough one to answer. Previous work has shown that, contrary to researchers\u2019 long-held expectations, Io doesn\u2019t have a global magma ocean buried under its crust, so it is unclear how so much magma could bust through the surface all at once.<\/p>\n Radebaugh and her colleagues suggest that a sort of magma sponge may sit below huge regions of the surface, forming an interconnected network of pores that fill with lava and then spurt it out through the hotspots. We will need more observations to confirm this, though, and with Juno having moved further away from Io, it is unlikely we will get them anytime soon.<\/p>\n Despite Io\u2019s small size \u2013 it is only slightly larger than Earth\u2019s moon \u2013 the extreme nature of these eruptions makes them similar to volcanic events on Earth. \u201cThis is actually like early Earth when it was much hotter and more active, so Io can tell us a lot about our past,\u201d says Radebaugh. While the source of this wildly powerful series of eruptions may remain a puzzle for now, when it\u2019s solved it could help fill in a chapter of our own story.<\/p>\n Spend a weekend with some of the brightest minds in science, as you explore the mysteries of the universe in an exciting programme that includes an excursion to see the iconic Lovell Telescope.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n Topics:<\/p>\n<\/section><\/div>\n![\"Jodrell](\"https:\/\/images.newscientist.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/15113200\/img_6300.jpeg\")
\n <\/picture>\nMysteries of the universe: Cheshire, England<\/h3>\n