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- Io, a moon of Jupiter,<\/strong> is the most volcanically active body in the solar system. So it is hot on the inside, despite being freezing cold on the near-airless surface.<\/li>\n
- NASA\u2019s Juno spacecraft,<\/strong> orbiting Jupiter, has now measured the temperature of Io just below the surface.<\/li>\n
- Juno found that the temperature rose by more than 40 degrees Fahrenheit<\/strong> every few feet going deeper into the crust.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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Measuring Io\u2019s subsurface temperature<\/h3>\n
Jupiter\u2019s moon Io is the most volcanically active body in the solar system. The gravity of Jupiter squeezing Io generates massive amounts of heat within the moon, powering the volcanoes that burst through its crust. And finally, scientists have obtained the first temperature measurements from below Io\u2019s surface. <\/p>\n
NASA said on July 22, 2026, that the Juno spacecraft found significant heating in the shallow subsurface of Io during two flybys of the moon. <\/p>\n
Io sometimes is referred to as the \u201cpizza moon\u201d because its surface resembles a pizza, with its colorful surface pockmarked by its volcanoes and other volcanic features. The Voyager, Galileo and Juno probes have all taken images of some of Io\u2019s volcanoes actually erupting, too.<\/p>\n
The researchers published their peer-reviewed findings in the journal JGR Planets<\/em> on July 22, 2026.<\/p>\n
Io\u2019s temperature below the surface<\/h3>\n
We know Io is naturally hot inside. This comes from tidal heating, which powers the moon\u2019s many volcanoes. As Io orbits Jupiter, the giant planets pulls and squeezes Io, creating heat inside the moon.<\/p>\n
But scientists hadn\u2019t been able to determine the temperature of Io\u2019s subsurface until this new study. The new measurement comes courtesy of the Microwave Radiometer instrument on the Juno spacecraft.<\/p>\n
Co-author Scott Bolton, at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in San Antonio, Texas, said:<\/p>\n
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The Juno Microwave Radiometer directly observed Io\u2019s heat output by looking below the surface. The surprising discovery that we could see below a rocky moon\u2019s surface has important implications for studying Earth\u2019s volcanoes. Juno has taught us that if we look with a Microwave Radiometer-type instrument near a volcano on Earth, we might see a similar signature in the subsurface temperature gradient, providing new information on how terrestrial volcanoes work.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
![\"Map](\"https:\/\/earthsky.org\/upl\/2026\/07\/Microwave-Radiometer-map-Juno-Io-July-22-2026.jpeg\")
View larger. | This map from Juno\u2018s Microwave Radiometer instrument shows the areas with the most heat below the surface (hottest is in red). Image via NASA\/ JPL-Caltech\/ SwRI\/ USGS.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n ![\"Globe](\"https:\/\/earthsky.org\/upl\/2026\/07\/Microwave-Radiometer-map-Juno-Io-areas-sampled-July-22-2026.jpeg\")
View larger. | The areas sampled by Juno\u2018s Microwave Radiometer instrument on Io. Image via NASA\/ JPL-Caltech\/ SwRI\/ USGS.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n A hot new technique<\/h3>\n
Scientists originally designed the Microwave Radiometer to examine the deep atmosphere of Jupiter itself. It has six microwave antennas, which work together to detect microwave radiation. But in Juno\u2019s extended mission phase, it has also looked at the moons Ganymede, Europa and Io. As Bolton explained:<\/p>\n
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The technique is novel in that each wavelength explores different depths, providing a new way to characterize the deep atmosphere of giant planets and the subsurface crusts of icy and rocky moons. At Ganymede and Europa, we explored tens of miles below the surface, assuming their ice shells were mostly pure water, but the ability to probe into the volcanic rock at Io was an unexpected discovery.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
The Microwave Radiometer measured Io\u2019s thermal emission<\/em>: the process where an object with a temperature above absolute zero gives off energy as thermal radiation, mainly in the form of infrared waves. The measurements ranged from a few inches to 10s of feet below the surface. Shannon Brown, lead author of the new paper at NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California and Caltech, said:<\/p>\n
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Everywhere we looked, we found the temperature rising by more than 40 degrees Fahrenheit just several feet into the surface; a gradient far steeper than solar heating alone can explain.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
![\"Partial](\"https:\/\/earthsky.org\/upl\/2024\/12\/Io-Juno-December-30-2023.png\")
View larger. | NASA\u2019s Juno spacecraft captured this view of Io on December 30, 2023. Image via NASA\/ JPL-Caltech\/ SwRI\/ MSSS\/ Gerald Eichst\u00e4dt.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n Where is the excess heat coming from?<\/h3>\n
The researchers found that Io has an unexpected extra background flow of heat in its interior. The background heat flow itself is small, 1 to 3 watts per square meter. But when measured across the entire moon, the amount is much greater, about 30 time that of Earth on average.<\/p>\n
Where is the excess heat coming from? The researchers present two possibilities. The first is that the heat is steadily rising upward through a conductive crust. The other possibility is that the heat is coming from cooling lava flows. These lava flows are about 30 to 35 feet (9 to 11 meters) below a layer of solidified crust.<\/p>\n
Overall, Io provides valuable values as to how tidal heating works on different bodies in the solar system and beyond. Bolton explained:<\/p>\n
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Io provides a unique window into learning how tidal heating works throughout the cosmos, a fundamental process that provides energy and heat to worlds that are far from their parent star. This process can not only create the most volcanic body in the solar system, in the case of Io, but also fuels the subsurface oceans on the moons of giant planets, such as Europa and Ganymede. Up until this point we could only observe the heat escaping at the surface or through eruptions. Now we can characterize how the heat is moving from the interior toward the surface.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
![\"Smiling](\"https:\/\/earthsky.org\/upl\/2026\/07\/Shannon-Brown-JPL-Caltech.jpg\")
Shannon Brown at JPL and Caltech is the lead author of the new paper about Io. Image via IEEE Explore.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n A smooth world<\/h3>\n
Juno also found that Io is quite smooth, overall. It does have mountains and volcanoes, but there are also vast smooth patches that extend 60 miles (100 km) or more. The surface material is also of surprisingly low density. Brown said:<\/p>\n
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Away from its mountains, the surface is more like the Great Plains of North America, and even though Io is a rocky body, the surface material has a very low density, more like pumice or a fluffy volcanic ash than solid rock.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
What would it be like to walk on that surface?<\/p>\n
Bottom line: NASA\u2019s Juno spacecraft has measured Jupiter\u2019s moon Io\u2019s subsurface temperature for the 1st time, providing new clues about the tidally-heated volcanic world.<\/p>\n
Source: Io Sub-Surface Temperature Profile Observed by the Juno Microwave Radiometer<\/p>\n
Via NASA<\/p>\n
Read more: Jupiter\u2019s moon Io has a new volcano! See pics here<\/p>\n
Read more: Jupiter\u2019s moon Io as you\u2019ve never seen it<\/p>\n
<\/div>\n
\n - NASA\u2019s Juno spacecraft,<\/strong> orbiting Jupiter, has now measured the temperature of Io just below the surface.<\/li>\n