Abstract: The number of spaceflight bioscience mission opportunities is too small to allow all relevant biological and environmental parameters to be experimentally identified. Simulated spaceflight experiments in ground-based facilities (GBFs), such as clinostats, are each suitable only for particular investigations — a rotating-wall vessel may be ‘simulated microgravity’ for cell differentiation (hours), but not DNA repair (seconds) — and introduce confounding stimuli, such as motor vibration and f…