Looking back and forward: A decadelong quest for a transformative transistor

Smartphones contain billions of tiny switches called transistors that allow us to take care of myriad tasks beyond making calls—sending texts, navigating neighborhoods, snapping selfies and Googling names. These switches involve an electrically conducting channel whose conductivity can be changed by a gate terminal, which is separated from the channel by a dielectric film that’s a mere 5 to 6 atoms thick.