Hydrogen Densification for Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Missions

Abstract: Propellant densification is cooling the propellant below the normal boiling point; Densified propellants can either be saturated or subcooled. Propellant densification has two potential benefits; Increased density for more mass in a given volume (more propellant), Decrease temperature for thermal energy buffer (extended storage). Two primary methods for producing densified propellants; Vapor pumping for pressure control, Refrigeration for temperature control. SpaceX has been flying densified …