A Hybrid Electrostatic Retarding Potential Analyzer for the Measurement of Plasmas at Extremely High Energy Resolution

Abstract: Many space plasmas (especially electrons generated in planetary ionospheres) exhibit fine-detailed structures that are challenging to fully resolve with the energy resolution of typical space plasma analyzers (10% ? 20%). While analyzers with higher resolution have flown, generally this comes at the expense of sensitivity and temporal resolution. We present a new technique for measuring plasmas with extremely high energy resolution through the combination of a top-hat Electrostatic Analyzer (…