Many industrial processes rely on thin membranes that can clean water, for example, by filtering out impurities. In recent years, a technique called atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been used to tune these membranes for better performance, but there’s a hitch: Many of them are made from materials that aren’t compatible with ALD, a process using alternating chemical vapors to create very thin layers on a surface.
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Source: Phys.org