Interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS (C/2025 N1) is now at the center of a coordinated international observational effort.
With a hyperbolic orbit, high inbound velocity (~58 km/s), and a projected perihelion of ~1.35 AU on October 29–30, 2025, 3I/ATLAS is the third confirmed object from outside the Solar System, following 1I/ʻOumuamua and 2I/Borisov.
While past interstellar objects sparked interest due to their unusual shapes or activity, 3I/ATLAS has drawn scientific focus for its likely origin in the Milky Way’s ancient thick disk, a metal-poor galactic component populated by stars over 7 billion years old.
Preliminary kinematic modeling published in a preprint by researchers at Michigan State University, Oxford, and others suggests the object may preserve the chemical and isotopic signatures of a primordial disk environment, distinct from the Solar System.
Unlike the carbon-rich 2I/Borisov, 3I/ATLAS appears to be dominated by water ice. This difference in volatile content may reflect its origin in a region with a lower metallicity and fewer complex organic molecules. Its red coma coloration, consistent with irradiated trans-Neptunian bodies, further implies a long interstellar residency before Solar System entry.
Upcoming spectroscopic campaigns using the Hubble Space Telescope and James Webb Space Telescope aim to measure molecular abundances (H2O, CO, CO2), isotopic ratios, and dust properties.
The data may provide constraints on the chemical environment of the early thick disk and help assess whether interstellar comets seeded planetary systems throughout the galaxy with volatiles essential for habitability.
The object’s large estimated coma-dominated diameter, potentially up to 24 km (15 mileS), combined with its preserved structure, makes it a unique laboratory for studying galactic chemical evolution. If its composition reflects the conditions around thick-disk stars, 3I/ATLAS may become the first direct sample of water-rich material from beyond the thin disk where the Sun formed.
Its closest approach to Earth, at ~1.8 AU on December 19, 2025, presents no threat, but offers a rare window for Earth-based instruments to analyze material from deep galactic time.
