Well-defined metal complexes with chemical stability and structural tunability are a promising class of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (ECR) catalysts, especially immobilized metal phthalocyanines. However, the strong intermolecular π-π stacking interactions of non-substituted metal phthalocyanines usually result in overt aggregation, low solubility, and thus generally un-controllable assembly on the support surface with uneven and multilayered deposition, severely reducing the accessible active sites.
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Source: Phys.org